Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Syllabus

1. Gas Power Cycle (7 hours)
   1. Thermodynamics of combustion engines: working mechanism of gasoline engine (Otto cycle), Diesel engine (Diesel cycle), gas turbine engine (Brayton cycle), dual cycle; comparison of thermodynamic cycles; work output, efficiency and mean effective pressure
   2. Rankine cycle, the ideal efficiency and isentropic efficiency
2. Air Compressor (6 hours)
   1. Types of air compressor and working principle
   2. Power and efficiency (volumetric, isothermal and adiabatic efficiency) equation for reciprocating compressor
   3. Factors governing volumetric efficiency
   4. Free air delivery of reciprocating compressor
   5. Applications of air compressor
3. Refrigeration System (6 hours)
   1. Types of refrigeration system
   2. Vapour compression refrigeration system: working of simple system, tracing on T-s and P-h diagrams, coefficient of performance, power and flow rate analysis
   3. Air refrigeration system: working principle, types, coefficient of performance, power and flow rate analysis
4. Heat Exchangers (4 hours)
   1. Types of heat exchanger
   2. Analysis of heat exchangers, fouling factor
   3. Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) and effectiveness-number of transfer unit (NTU) method
5. Boilers (4 hours)
   1. Classification and applications of boilers
   2. Comparison of fire tube and water tube boiler
   3. Requirements for an ideal boiler and boiler efficiency
   4. Boiler mountings and accessories: water level indicator, feed check valve, blow off cock, steam separator, safety valves, feed pump, air preheater, super heater and economizer
6. Conduction (8 hours)
   1. Heat transfer mechanism
   2. One dimensional heat conduction equation: large plane wall, cylinder and sphere, composite wall/cylinder/sphere, critical radius of insulation
   3. Extended surfaces / heat transfer from finned surface
   4. Unsteady heat conduction: lumped analysis, introduction of Heisler chart
7. Convection (7 hours)
   1. Hydrodynamic and thermodynamic boundary layer
   2. Dimensional analysis related to convection heat transfer
   3. Convective heat transfer coefficients, combined heat transfer and overall heat transfer coefficient
   4. Forced convection: laminar flow, turbulent flow, empirical correlations (flow over flat plates and inside tubes, flow over cylinders)
   5. Free convection: characteristic parameters, empirical correlations for free convection on vertical and horizontal plates
8. Radiation (3 hours)
   1. View factor and view factor relations
   2. Radiation heat transfer on black surface, diffuse and gray surface
   3. Radiation shield

Practicals

1. Determination of coefficient of performance of vapour compression refrigeration with different water flow rate in condenser and evaporator
2. Demo of air cycle machine for air-conditioning system
3. Heat exchanger, LMTD and effectiveness calculation for parallel and counter-flow heat exchanger
4. Conduction heat transfer: verification of conduction laws, drawing temperature profile, comparison of thermal conductivities of materials
5. Convection heat transfer
6. Free and force convection from flat plates
7. Free and force convection from fins plate
8. Radiation heat transfer
9. Heat transfer by radiation to define emissivity of different material surface

Evaluation

Final exam questions cover all chapters. Approximate marks distribution (total 60 marks over 45 hours):

1. Gas Power Cycle: 8 marks
2. Air Compressor: 8 marks
3. Refrigeration System: 8 marks
4. Heat Exchangers and Boilers: 10 marks
5. Conduction: 12 marks
6. Convection and Radiation: 14 marks