Instrumental Drawing, Technical Lettering Practices and Techniques
Equipment and materials
Description of drawing instruments, auxiliary equipment and drawing materials
Techniques of instrumental drawing
Pencil sharpening, securing paper, proper use of T-squares, triangles, scales dividers, compasses, earsing shields, French curves, inking pens
Lettering strokes, letter proportions, use of pencils and pens, uniformity and appearance of letters, freehand techniques, inclined and vertical letters and numerals, upper and lower cases, standard English lettering forms
Dimensioning
Fundamentals and techniques
Size and location dimensioning, SI conversions
Use of scales, measurement units, reducting and enlarging drawings
Placement of dimensions: aligned and unidirectional
Applied Geometry
Plane geometrical construction: Propertional division of lines, arc & line tangents
Methods for drawing standard curves such as ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, involutes, spirals, cycloids and helices (cylindrical and conical)
Techniques to reproduce a given drawing (by construction)
Basic Descriptive Geometry
Introduction to Orthographic projection, Principal Planes, Four Quardrants or Angles
Projection of points on first, second, third and fourth quadrants
Projection of Lines: Parallel to one of the principal plane, Inclined to one of the principal plane and parallel to other, Inclined to both principal planes
Projection Planes: Perpendicular to both principal planes, Parallel to one of the principal planes and Inclined to one of the principal planes, perpendicular to other and Incline to both principal planes
True length of lines: horizontal, inclined and oblique lines
Rules for parallel and perpendicular lines
Point view or end view of a line
Shortest distance from a point to a line
Edge View and True shape of an oblique plane
Angle between two intersecting lines
Intersection of a line and a plane
Angle between a line and a plane
Dihedral angle between two planes
Shortest distance between two skew lines
Angle between two non-intersecting (skew) lines
Multi view (orthographic) projections
Orthographic Projections
First and third angle projection
Principal view: methods for obtaining orthographic views, Projection of lines, angles and plane surfaces, analysis in three views, projection of curved lines and surfaces, object orientation and selection of views for best representation, full and hidden lines
Orthographic drawings: making an orthographic drawing, visualizing object (pictorial view) from the given views
Interpretation of adjacent areas, true-length lines, representation of holes, conventional practices
Sectional Views: Full, half, broken revolved, removed (detail) sections, phantom of hidden section, Auziliary sectional views, specifying cutting planes for sections, conventions for hidden lines, holes, ribs, spokes
Auxiliary views: Basic concept and use, drawing methods and types, and boundaries, line of intersection between two planes, true size of dihedral angles, true size and shape of plane surfaces
Developments and Intersections
Introduction and Projection of Solids
Developments: general concepts and practical considerations, development of a right or oblique prism, cylinder, pyramid, and cone, development of truncated pyramid and cone, Triangulation method for approximately developed surfaces, transition pieces for connecting different shapes, development of a sphere
Intersections: lines of interesection of geometric surfaces, piercing point of a line and a geometric solid, intersection line of two planes, intersections of prisms and pyramids, cylinder and an oblique plane. Constructing a development using auxiliary views, interesection of two cylinders, a cylinder & a cone
