Engineering Thermodynamics I

Syllabus

1. Introduction (3 hours)
   1. Thermodynamics and its applications
   2. Thermodynamic system: control mass, control volume
   3. Macroscopic versus microscopic point of view
   4. Properties and state of a substance: intensive and extensive
   5. Processes and cycles: thermodynamic equilibrium
   6. Specific volume, pressure
   7. Temperature: equality of temperature
2. Energy and Energy Transfer (4 hours)
   1. Energy: potential, internal and kinetic energy; stored and transient energy
   2. Work transfer: definition of work, moving boundary works, other examples of work
   3. Energy transfer: heat transfer, heat transfer modes
3. Properties of Pure Substance (6 hours)
   1. Pure substance and state postulate
   2. Phase-change processes of pure substances
   3. Property diagrams for phase-change processes: the T-V and the P-V diagram, properties of two-phase mixtures, the P-T diagram, the P-V-T surface
   4. Tables of thermodynamic properties
   5. Ideal gas, ideal-gas state and ideal-gas relations
   6. The compressibility factor
4. First Law of Thermodynamics (4 hours)
   1. First law of thermodynamics for control mass: control mass undergoing a cycle, control mass undergoing a change in state
   2. Thermodynamic properties: internal energy, enthalpy
   3. Specific heats of ideal gases
   4. Rate law as a rate equation
   5. Conservation of mass
5. First-Law Analysis for a Control Volume (4 hours)
   1. Conservation of mass and control volume
   2. First law of thermodynamics for control volume
   3. Steady-state process
   4. Examples of steady-state processes
   5. Transient process
6. Second Law of Thermodynamics (3 hours)
   1. Heat engines and refrigerators
   2. Second law of thermodynamics
   3. Reversible and irreversible processes
   4. Carnot cycle
   5. Thermodynamic temperature scale and ideal-gas temperature scale
   6. Ideal versus real machines
7. Entropy (4 hours)
   1. Clausius inequality
   2. Entropy - a property of a system: entropy of a pure substance, entropy change in reversible processes, thermodynamic property relation
   3. Entropy change of a control mass: entropy generation, principle of the increase of entropy, entropy change of a solid or liquid, entropy change of an ideal gas
   4. Entropy as a rate equation
8. Second-Law Analysis for a Control Volume (4 hours)
   1. Second law of thermodynamics for a control volume
   2. Steady-state process and transient process
   3. Reversible steady-state process
   4. Principle of increase of entropy
   5. Efficiency
9. Irreversibility and Availability (4 hours)
   1. Available energy, reversible work and irreversibility: steady-state process, control mass process, transient process
   2. Availability and second-law efficiency
   3. Energy balance equation
10. Thermodynamic Relations (6 hours)
    1. Clapeyron equation
    2. Mathematical relations for a homogeneous phase
    3. Maxwell relations
    4. Thermodynamic relations
    5. Expansivity and compressibility
    6. Real-gas behavior and equations of state
    7. Generalized chart for changes in enthalpy
    8. Generalized chart for changes in entropy
    9. Developing tables of thermodynamic properties
11. Gas Mixtures (3 hours)
    1. Mixture of ideal gases: Dalton model
    2. Mixture involving gases and a vapor
    3. First law applied to gas-vapor mixture
    4. Mixture of air and water-vapor: adiabatic saturation process, introduction to psychrometric chart

Practicals

1. Temperature measurements
2. To validate the pressure as an intensive property / to find dryness fraction of steam
3. Experiment related to first law (Joules experiment to validate first law of thermodynamics)
4. Experiment related to second law (cooling of hot water)
5. Isentropic efficiency calculation of turbines, nozzles, etc.
6. Development of graph representing the tables of thermodynamic properties
7. Case study: thermoeconomic analysis of any thermal system

Evaluation

Final exam questions cover all chapters. Approximate marks distribution (total 60 marks over 45 hours):

1. Introduction: 4 marks
2. Energy and Energy Transfer: 5 marks
3. Properties of Pure Substance: 8 marks
4. First Law of Thermodynamics: 5 marks
5. First-Law Analysis for a Control Volume: 6 marks
6. Second Law of Thermodynamics: 4 marks
7. Entropy: 5 marks
8. Second-Law Analysis for a Control Volume: 6 marks
9. Irreversibility and Availability: 5 marks
10. Thermodynamic Relations: 8 marks
11. Gas Mixtures: 4 marks