Fluid Machines

Syllabus

1. Turbomachine and Dynamic Action of Fluid (8 hours)
   1. Turbomachines and hydraulic machines: introduction and classification
   2. History of development of water wheels and water turbines
   3. Review of linear momentum and impulse equations
   4. Dynamic force exerted by fluid jet
   5. Stationary and moving plates, flat and curved surfaces
   6. Jet propulsion principle; boat and ship propulsion
2. Hydroelectric Plant (5 hours)
   1. Essential components and features
   2. Potential and useful power from a plant
   3. Classification of hydroelectric plants
   4. Hydroelectric power plants in Nepal
3. Water Turbines (16 hours)
   1. Classification of water turbines on different bases
   2. Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, propeller, and cross-flow turbines: working principles, components, and their functions
   3. Draft tubes: types and theory
   4. Specific speed, efficiency
   5. Performance characteristics (main, operating, and ISO efficiency curve)
   6. Selection of turbine
   7. Design of Pelton, Francis, and propeller turbines
   8. Governor: concepts and classification
   9. Oil pressure governor: components, working principle
4. Water Pumps (10 hours)
   1. Classification
   2. Centrifugal pump: working principle, components, application
   3. Reciprocating pump: working principle, components, application
   4. Pump as turbine (PAT): working principles, components, application
   5. Specific speed, head, power, efficiency, velocity triangle
   6. Net positive suction head (NPSH) and priming
   7. Series and parallel combination of pumps
   8. Pump characteristics curve (head, flow, power, efficiency curve)
   9. Energy loss, cavitation, and the effect of viscosity in pumping
   10. Pump slip and efficiency
   11. Indicator diagrams
   12. Selection of pumps
5. Steam Turbine (4 hours)
   1. Pipe nozzle: types, working, energy equation
   2. Steam turbine classification: impulse and reaction
   3. De-Laval and Parsons turbine: working, components, efficiency, velocity triangles
6. Working of Hydraulic Machine (2 hours)
   1. Hydraulic ram
   2. Air lift pump
   3. Hydraulic lift
   4. Hydraulic press
   5. Hydraulic accumulator
   6. Hydraulic torque converter

Practicals

1. Performance analysis of positive displacement pumps
2. Performance analysis of roto-dynamic pumps
3. Performance analysis of the series and parallel combination of pumps
4. Performance analysis of the Pelton turbine
5. Performance analysis of the Francis turbine
6. Performance testing of the steam turbine
7. Visual presentation/demonstration/observation of a hydroelectric power plant with report and presentation

Evaluation

Final exam questions cover all chapters. Approximate marks distribution (total 60 marks over 45 hours):

1. Turbomachine and Dynamic Action of Fluid: 10 marks
2. Hydroelectric Plant, Steam Turbine and Working of Hydraulic Machine: 15 marks
3. Water Turbines: 20 marks
4. Water Pumps: 15 marks