Fluid Mechanics and Machines

Syllabus

1. Introduction (2 hours)
   1. Definition, basic concepts, and area of application
   2. Units and dimensions
   3. Properties of fluid: density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity
   4. Viscosity, surface tension, capillarity, compressibility, bulk modulus, vapor pressure
2. Fluid Statics (7 hours)
   1. Pascal's law of hydrostatic (pressure intensity at a point)
   2. Equation of fluid statics
   3. Pressure: definition and types
   4. Pressure measurement devices: manometers, mechanical gauges
   5. Forces and center of pressure on submerged surfaces: horizontal, vertical, inclined
   6. Principle of floatation: meta center, metacentric height, and its determination
   7. Conditions of equilibrium for submerged and floating body
3. Fluid Dynamics (10 hours)
   1. Method of fluid flow analysis: Lagrangian and Eulerian
   2. Types of fluid flow: one/two/three dimensional, steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible, rotational/irrotational
   3. Basic laws of fluid dynamics: conservation of mass, linear momentum, energy
   4. Continuity equations and applications: one-dimensional steady flow, rectangular coordinate system
   5. Euler's equation of motion
   6. Bernoulli's equation and applications: pipe flow, flow from a tank, siphon flow
   7. Momentum equation and applications: elbow reactions, fixed and moving blades
   8. Navier-Stokes equation
4. Viscous Flow (4 hours)
   1. Reynold's experiment
   2. Boundary layer: development and zones
   3. Separation of boundary layer and methods of controlling
   4. Viscous flow in horizontal: between parallel plates and circular tubes
   5. Drag force on the flat plate due to boundary layer
5. Pipe Flows (4 hours)
   1. Frictional resistance to flow in pipes: Darcy-Weisbach equation, friction factor, use of Moody diagram, head loss
   2. Local head losses: inlet, bends, expansion and contraction joints, valve
   3. Hydraulic and energy grade lines: reservoirs and pipe flow, pumps, turbines
6. Flow Measurement (4 hours)
   1. Measurement of static pressure intensity
   2. Measurement of velocity: pitot tube, pitot-static tube, particle image velocimetry (PIV)
   3. Restriction flow meters: orifice plate, flow nozzles, Venturi, laminar flow elements
   4. Linear flow meters: rotameter, turbine flow meter, vortex flowmeter, elbow meter, electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow meters
   5. Weir and notches: classification and flow measurement
7. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude (5 hours)
   1. Dimensional analysis: use, advantages and limitations
   2. Model analysis: use, advantages and limitations
   3. Forces in fluids and dimensionless numbers
   4. Similitude: geometric, kinematic, and dynamic
   5. Scale effect in models
   6. Formation of dimensionless equations by Buckingham's method
8. Fluid Machineries (9 hours)
   1. Classification of fluid machines
   2. Water turbine: classification, Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbine (working principles, components, functions)
   3. Water pump: classification, centrifugal, and reciprocating pump (working principles, components, functions)
   4. Specific speed, efficiency, and cavitation in pumps and turbines
   5. Characteristic curves and selection of turbines and pump
   6. Miscellaneous fluid devices: hydraulic press, hydraulic lift, torque converter, hydraulic crane

Practicals

1. Viscosity measurement
2. Reynold's experiment
3. Determination of stability of floating objects
4. Comparison of force due to the impact of a jet on a moving body
5. Determination of loss coefficient of pipe fittings on pipe flow network
6. Plot of hydraulic and energy grade lines: pipe, Venturi meter
7. Measurement of lift and drag forces on objects of different shapes
8. Determination of discharge coefficient: orifice, Venturi meter, notch
9. Demonstration of the working of the water turbine
10. Demonstration of the working of the water pump

Evaluation

Final exam questions cover all chapters. Approximate marks distribution (total 60 marks over 45 hours):

1. Introduction and Fluid Machineries: 12 marks
2. Fluid Statics: 12 marks
3. Fluid Dynamics: 12 marks
4. Viscous Flow and Pipe Flows: 12 marks
5. Flow Measurement and Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: 12 marks