Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications

Syllabus

1. Introduction (2 hours)
   1. Comparison of solid and fluid
   2. Fluid mechanics: definition, basic concepts, and area of application
   3. Unit and dimension
   4. Properties of fluid: density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity
   5. Viscosity, surface tension, capillarity, compressibility, bulk modulus, vapor pressure
   6. Classification of fluid based on Newton's law of viscosity
2. Fluid Statics (8 hours)
   1. Pascal's law of hydrostatic (pressure intensity at a point)
   2. Equation of fluid statics
   3. Pressure: definition and types
   4. Classification of pressure measurement devices
   5. Manometer types and application
   6. Forces and center of pressure on submerged surfaces: horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curved
   7. Principle of floatation: metacenter, metacentric height, and its determination
   8. Conditions of equilibrium for submerged and floating body
3. Kinematics of Fluid Flow (4 hours)
   1. Method of fluid flow analysis: Lagrangian and Eulerian (system and control volume; differential and integral approach; advantages and disadvantages)
   2. Types of fluid flow: one/two/three dimensional, steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible, rotational/irrotational
   3. Acceleration of a fluid particle: local, convective, and material derivative
   4. Rotation and vorticity: related equations and application
   5. Flow visualization: lines of flow pattern, applications (particle image velocimetry, Schlieren technique)
   6. Stream function and velocity potential function: characteristics, equation and relation
   7. Types of fluid particle distortion: linear strain, translation, rotation, shear strain
4. Fluid Dynamics (8 hours)
   1. Reynold's transport theorem (RTT)
   2. Basic laws of fluid dynamics: conservation of mass, linear momentum, energy
   3. Continuity equations and applications: one-dimensional steady flow, rectangular coordinate systems
   4. Euler's equation of motion
   5. Bernoulli's equation and applications: pipe flow, flow from a tank, siphon flow
   6. Momentum equation and applications: elbow reactions, jet propulsions, fixed and moving blades, hydraulic jump
   7. Navier-Stokes equation: introduction and application
   8. Introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
5. Viscous Flow (6 hours)
   1. Reynold's experiment
   2. Boundary layer: development and zones
   3. Separation of boundary layer and methods of controlling
   4. Viscous flow in horizontal: between parallel plates, and circular tubes
   5. Drag force on the flat plate due to boundary layer
   6. Flow past submerged bodies: drag and lift forces, types of drag
   7. Development of lift force on an airfoil
6. Pipe Flows (6 hours)
   1. Frictional resistance to flow in pipes: Darcy-Weisbach equation, friction factor, use of Moody diagram, head loss
   2. Local head losses: inlet, bends, expansion and contraction joints, valve
   3. Hydraulic and energy grade lines: reservoirs and pipe flow, pumps, turbines
   4. Series and parallel combination of pipes
   5. Equivalent pipes
   6. Pipe flow networks
   7. Phenomenon of water hammer
7. Flow Measurement (4 hours)
   1. Measurement of static pressure intensity
   2. Measurement of velocity: pitot tube, pitot-static tube, particle image velocimetry (PIV)
   3. Restriction flow meters: orifice plate, flow nozzles, Venturi, laminar flow elements
   4. Linear flow meters: rotameter, turbine flow meter, vortex flowmeter, elbow meter, electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow meters
   5. Weir and notches: classification and flow measurement
8. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude (5 hours)
   1. Dimensional analysis: use, advantages and limitations
   2. Model analysis: use, advantages and limitations
   3. Forces in fluids and dimensionless numbers
   4. Similitude: geometric, kinematic, and dynamic
   5. Laws for dynamic similarity and application for submerged and partially submerged body
   6. Scale effect in models
   7. Formation of dimensionless equations by Buckingham's method
9. Compressible Flow (2 hours)
   1. Properties, classification and fundamental equations
   2. Nozzle: purpose, types and equation
   3. Sound wave and Mach number
   4. Mach wave, Mach angle, and Mach cone
   5. Classification of compressible flow
   6. Shock waves: application and types (normal, oblique)
   7. Basics of measurement of compressible fluid flow (discharge, velocity, direction)

Practicals

1. Measurement of fluid properties
2. Determination of stability of floating objects
3. Determination of the center of pressure of the curved surface
4. Flow visualization through Reynold's experiment
5. Comparison of force due to the impact of a jet on a moving body
6. Determination of loss coefficient of pipe fittings on pipe flow network
7. Plot of hydraulic and energy grade lines: pipe, venturimeter
8. Measurement of lift and drag forces on objects of different shapes
9. Determination of discharge coefficient: orifice, venturimeter, notch

Evaluation

Final exam questions cover all chapters. Approximate marks distribution (total 60 marks over 45 hours):

1. Introduction and Fluid Statics: 12 marks
2. Kinematics of Fluid Flow and Viscous Flow: 12 marks
3. Fluid Dynamics: 12 marks
4. Pipe Flows and Compressible Flow: 12 marks
5. Flow Measurement and Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: 12 marks