Hydraulics

Syllabus

1. Pipe Flow Regimes (8 hours)
   1. Concept, scope and importance of pipe flow
   2. Reynolds experiment (Laminar, transition and turbulent flows)
   3. Steady laminar flow in circular pipes (Shear stress, velocity distribution and head loss, Hagen Poiseuille law)
   4. Examples and characteristics of turbulent flow
   5. Shear stress in turbulent flow (Boussinesq's, Reynold's and Prandtl's mixing length theories)
   6. Hydrodynamically smooth and rough boundaries; Velocity distribution for turbulent flow in pipes; Nikuradse's experiments
   7. Darcy-Weisbach equation, friction factor for turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes; Colebrook white equation, Moody chart, introduction to Hazen-Williams equation
2. Pipe Flow Problems (10 hours)
   1. Minor head losses in pipes
   2. Hydraulic gradient line and total energy line
   3. Pipes in series and parallel
   4. Siphons (Working principle and applications)
   5. Three reservoir problems
   6. Pipe network problems (Hardy-Cross method)
3. Unsteady Flow in Pipes (6 hours)
   1. Concept and equations of unsteady flow
   2. Water hammer phenomenon and effects
   3. Velocity and magnitude of pressure waves
   4. Pressure variation due to sudden closure of valve
4. Uniform Flow in Open Channels (8 hours)
   1. Classification of open channel and geometric properties
   2. Conditions for uniform flow
   3. Flow resistance equations (Chezy, Manning and Darcy-Weisbach equations)
   4. Manning's roughness coefficient
   5. Velocity distribution and profiles
   6. Best hydraulic channel sections
   7. Uniform flow computation
5. Energy and Momentum Principles in Open Channel Flow (12 hours)
   1. Introduction to non-uniform flow in open channel
   2. Energy principle (Specific energy, specific energy curve, alternate depths)
   3. Critical depth computations in prismatic channel sections
   4. Depth-discharge relationship
   5. Application of energy principle
   6. Momentum principle (Specific force; specific force curve; conjugate depths)
   7. Application of momentum principle
6. Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels (6 hours)
   1. Characteristics of rapidly varied flow
   2. Hydraulic jump (Analysis with assumptions)
   3. Hydraulic jump in rectangular channel
   4. Classification of hydraulic jump
7. Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channels (10 hours)
   1. Characteristics of gradually varied flow
   2. Analysis of gradually varied flow
   3. Channel bottom slope characteristics
   4. Water surface profiles
   5. Computation of gradually varied flow in prismatic channels
   6. Computation of location of hydraulic jump

Practicals

1. Reynolds' experiment
2. Head loss in pipes
3. Determination of Manning's coefficient for different surfaces
4. Flow through open sluice gates
5. Hump and constricted flow analysis
6. Hydraulic jump analysis