Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

Syllabus

1. Introduction (4 hours)
   1. Definition, need and advantages of irrigation and drainage
   2. Disadvantages of over irrigation and waterlogging
   3. Status, need and challenges of irrigation development in Nepal
   4. Crops, their seasons and periods, cropping pattern and intensity
   5. Commanded areas and irrigation intensity
   6. Methods of field irrigation and their suitability
   7. Planning of irrigation and drainage projects
2. Irrigation Water Requirements and Water Availability (6 hours)
   1. Relation between duty, delta and crop periods
   2. Crop water requirements by Penman's method
   3. Operational water requirements; Losses due to seepage and evaporation
   4. Effective rainfall
   5. Irrigation efficiencies and irrigation water requirements
   6. Soil-moisture-irrigation relation
   7. Depth and frequency of irrigation
   8. Design discharges for canals
   9. Water available at source compared to irrigation requirement
3. Canal Irrigation System and Design of Canals (10 hours)
   1. Classification of canals
   2. Components of a canal irrigation system
   3. Alignment of canals
   4. Canal standards and balancing canal depth
   5. Canal distribution system and methods of water distribution
   6. Sediment transport in canals and tractive force approach
   7. Design of non-alluvial stable canals
   8. Silt theories and design of alluvial canals by Lacey and Kennedy
   9. Design of lined canals with economic analysis
4. Diversion Headworks (14 hours)
   1. River stages and suitable location of headworks
   2. Component parts of weir/barrage (Detail drawing)
   3. Bligh's, Lane's and Khosla's seepage theories for foundation
   4. Design of weir and barrage with sloping glacis
   5. Design of under sluice and silt excluder
   6. Design of head regulator
   7. Design considerations of settling basin and silt ejector
5. River Training Works (4 hours)
   1. River characteristics and need of river training
   2. Classification and methods of river training
   3. Design of guide bund and launching apron
   4. Spurs (Types and design considerations)
   5. Flood control (Structural and non-structural methods)
6. Canal Regulating Structures (8 hours)
   1. Alignment of the off-taking channels
   2. Function of head and cross regulators, outlets, drops and escapes
   3. Design of regulators and escapes
   4. Types of outlet; Design of pipe outlet (Free and submerged)
   5. Types of drop; Design of vertical drop
7. Cross-Drainage Structures (6 hours)
   1. Need of cross-drainage works
   2. Types and selection of cross-drainage structures with sketch
   3. Design of siphon aqueduct (Detail drawing, drainage waterway and barrel, canal waterway and transition, RCC aqueduct, protection works)
8. Waterlogging and Drainage (8 hours)
   1. Causes and effects of waterlogging
   2. Symptoms of waterlogging and their detection
   3. Preventive and remedial measures of waterlogging in irrigated land
   4. Drainage of irrigated field and land reclamation
   5. Surface drainage systems and their design (layout planning, internal drainage of bunded fields, external drainage, design of surface drains, remodeling existing natural drains)
   6. Subsurface drainage systems and their design (layout, flow of groundwater to drains, spacing of tile drains, economic diameter of tile drains)