Mass Transfer II

Syllabus

1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction (8 hours)
   1. Equilibria, system of three liquids, effect of temperature on liquid-liquid equilibria, other coordinate system
   2. Solvent selection, stage-wise contact, insoluble system
   3. Equipment for liquid-liquid extraction, selection of extractors
2. Solid-Liquid Extraction (6 hours)
   1. Classification of solid-liquid extraction, rate of leaching
   2. Methods of operation and equipment, equilibrium and its types, methods of representing equilibrium data
   3. Separation operation, analytical determination of number of stages, supercritical fluid extraction
3. Adsorption (9 hours)
   1. Types of adsorption, nature and characteristics of adsorbents, adsorption equilibria
   2. Adsorption isotherm and its types, stage-wise operations, continuous adsorption, equipment for adsorption
   3. Ion exchange and principles
   4. Chromatography and principles
4. Membrane Separation Process (7 hours)
   1. Desired properties of membrane, membrane material and its types
   2. Membrane classification, membrane characterization, membrane module
   3. Transport in membranes, pressure driven membrane process for liquid separation, concentration driven processes
   4. Membrane for gas separation, industrial examples of membrane based separation
5. Drying (7 hours)
   1. Mechanism of drying, drying equilibria, definitions and terms in drying
   2. Drying rate curve, calculation of drying time, classification of drying equipment
   3. Drying calculation, cross circulation drying, through circulation of drying, material and energy balance in continuous dryer, drying time in a continuous countercurrent dryer
6. Crystallization (8 hours)
   1. Types of crystal geometry, solid-liquid phase equilibrium
   2. Nucleation and crystal growth, batch crystallization
   3. Design of crystallizer, crystallization equipment (Circulating magma crystallizer, circulating liquor crystallizer, tank crystallizer)

Practicals

1. Extraction of benzoic acid from toluene by water in a packed bed extractor
2. Extraction of oil from oil seeds
3. Adsorption of acetic acid or dye from aqueous solution using activated carbon
4. Removal of hardness from water using ion exchange resin
5. Determination of critical moisture content and drying characteristics of a solid under forced draft condition
6. Separation and purification of organic compounds by crystallization technique