Organic and Inorganic Chemistry

Syllabus

1. Reactive Intermediates in Organic Reaction (4 hours)
   1. Acidity of alpha-hydrogens, reactions involving carbanions, base-promoted and acid-catalyzed halogenation of ketones
   2. Aldol condensation, dehydration of aldol products, use in synthesis, cross aldol condensation
   3. Malonic ester synthesis, acetoacetic ester synthesis of ketones, decarboxylation of beta-keto acids and malonic acids
2. Heterocyclic Compounds (4 hours)
   1. Sources of pyrrole, furan and thiophene, electrophilic substitution in pyrrole, saturated five-membered heterocycles
   2. Structure of pyridine, source of pyridine compounds, reactions of pyridine, electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution in pyridine, basicity and reduction of pyridine
3. Pericyclic Reaction (5 hours)
   1. LCAO method, bonding and antibonding orbitals, electronic configurations of some molecules, aromatic character, the Huckel 4n+2 rule
   2. Electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions, sigmatropic reactions
4. Coordination Chemistry (6 hours)
   1. Stability of octahedral and tetrahedral complexes on the basis of crystal field stabilization energy, factors affecting the magnitude of delta
   2. Application of crystal field theory, variation of hydrated ionic radii and hydration enthalpy/stability of complexes
   3. Distorted octahedral complexes
5. Organometallic Compounds (4 hours)
   1. Preparation and properties of organolithium, organomagnesium, organocopper metallic compounds
   2. Alkene and alkyne complexes: hapto nomenclature, metallocenes, ferrocene
6. Solvent (4 hours)
   1. Introduction, classification of solvents, solvent properties, role of solvent in organic reaction, properties of solvents in polymer processing
   2. Non aqueous solvent: liquid ammonia, liquid sulphur dioxide
7. Industrial Important Compounds (4 hours)
   1. Synthesis of sulphuric acid, comparison of catalyst V2O5/Pt (contact process)
   2. Synthesis of nitric acid (Ostwald process)
   3. Synthesis of ammonia (Haber process)
   4. Chemical fertilizers, nitrogen fixation, synthetic fertilizers, essential qualities of a good fertilizer, urea, phosphate fertilizer
   5. Detergents, soap
8. Carbohydrates and Lipids (6 hours)
   1. Monosaccharides: introduction, definition and classification, glucose (an aldohexose), fructose (a ketohexose), nomenclature of aldose derivatives, oxidation, osazone formation
   2. The Kiliani-Fischer synthesis, the Ruff degradation, conversion of an aldose into its epimer, configuration of aldoses, cyclic structure of glucose, methylation, determination of ring size
   3. Disaccharides: maltose, sucrose
   4. Polysaccharides: starch, structure of amylose and amylopectin, lipids, occurrence and composition of fats, hydrolysis of fats, unsaturated fats, phosphoglycerides, phospholipids
9. Amino Acid, Proteins (4 hours)
   1. Proteins, structure of amino acids, amino acids as dipolar ions, isoelectric point, configuration of natural amino acids, preparation of amino acids
   2. Reactions of amino acids, geometry of peptides, synthesis of peptides, classification and function of protein, chymotrypsin
10. Metabolites and Molecular Genetics (4 hours)
    1. Metabolites: definition, types of metabolites with examples
    2. Concept of metabolism
    3. Basic concept of genetics, flow of genetic information
    4. Gene cloning, introduction to scope of molecular genetics

Practicals

1. Detection of organic compounds (identification of functional groups)
2. Preparation of acetanilide from aniline
3. Benzylation of aniline to prepare benzanilide
4. Application of salicylic acid for the preparation of aspirin
5. Preparation of phenyl-azo-beta-naphthol
6. Preparation of salicylic acid from methyl salicylate
7. Determination of amount of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) from commercial tablets iodometrically
8. Extraction of essential oil from natural products
9. Determination of zinc by EDTA complexometric titration
10. Determination of calcium in chalk/toothpaste
11. Determination of sodium carbonate in baking/washing soda