Van der Waals equation of state (qualitative idea only)
Critical phenomena of gas: critical temperature, critical pressure and critical volume; isotherm of carbon dioxide gas; principle of continuity of states
Liquefaction of Gas (2 hours)
Uses of freezing mixture, Joule Thompson effect, adiabatic expansion involving mechanical work, cooling by adiabatic demagnetization, uses and handling of liquid nitrogen
Solution (16 hours)
Concentration of solution in different units, activity and activity coefficient, pH of mixture of solution and buffer solution, ionic strength, salt hydrolysis and pH of resulting solution
Ideal and non-ideal solutions, partially and completely miscible liquids (critical solution temperature and mutual solubility temperature), azeotropic solutions
Fractionating column, Nernst distribution law, its applications and limitations
Henry's law (solution of gases in liquid), its applications and limitations; colligative property; Raoult's law
Basic Thermodynamics (5 hours)
Concept of internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, bond energy, properties of Gibbs free energy, criteria of spontaneity in terms of enthalpy and entropy
Thermodynamic quantities of cell reaction from emf, relation between electrical and chemical energy
Chemical Kinetics (5 hours)
Rate of reaction and rate law equation, differential and integral rate law equation for zero, first and second order reaction
Fundamental concept of parallel, consecutive and opposing reaction, chain reaction
Basic Concept of Chemical Analysis (5 hours)
Qualitative and quantitative analysis, good laboratory practice, laboratory management and laboratory safety
Analytical balance, analytical methodology, interference and its minimization, destructive and non-destructive methods of analysis
Accuracy and precision, sensitivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linear range, confidence limit and reliability of data, properties of Gaussian curve, analytical validation
Instrumental Method of Analysis (10 hours)
Electrochemical analysis, importance and types of electroanalytical techniques: pH metry, conductometry, potentiometry and voltammetry
Microscopic analysis, optical versus electron microscopy: field emission scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy
Chromatographic analysis, principle and application (thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography)
X-ray analysis and its applications (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence)
Practicals
Calibration of volumetric equipment (volumetric flask, burette, pipette, measuring cylinder)
Determination of band-gap of ZnO nanoparticles
Study the miscibility of phenol-water system at room temperature
Study the UV-VIS absorption spectra of a dye and determine the wavelength at maximum absorbance
Preparation of a TLC plate and determine the Rf values of given substance
Determination of equilibrium constant by distribution method
Conductometric titration of a mixture of hydrochloric and acetic acids against standard sodium hydroxide
Verification of Beer-Lambert's law using colorimeter/spectrophotometer
Determination of heat of neutralization of strong acid and strong base by calorimetric method
Determine the concentration of phosphoric acid in cola beverage using pH meter
Determination of pH of different solutions
Determination of critical micelle concentration of surfactant by surface tension measurement
Study the XRD pattern of given rocks (quartz, dolomite, haematite)
