Sanitary Engineering

Syllabus

1. Introduction (2 hours)
   1. Sanitary engineering and environmental/water sanitation aspects
   2. Objectives of treatment, disposal, and management
   3. Definitions: sewage, domestic/industrial sewage, storm water, grey water, sewerage systems, etc.
   4. Historical development and importance
   5. Sanitation systems (conservancy and water carriage)
   6. Sewerage system types with merits/demerits
   7. Schematic diagrams of wastewater and solid waste management
2. Quantity of Wastewater (4 hours)
   1. Dry and wet weather flow
   2. Sanitary sewage sources and factors affecting quantity
   3. Quantity estimation and variations; peak factor; peak flow
   4. Storm water estimation methods and empirical formulae
   5. Design discharge for separate, combined, and partially separate systems
3. Design and Construction of Sewers (4 hours)
   1. Sewer functions and shapes (circular and non-circular)
   2. Sewer materials and their requirements
   3. Design criteria: specific gravity, design period, velocities, gradients
   4. Hydraulic design using Manning's, Chezy's, and Hazen Williams formulae
   5. Partial flow conditions and diagrams
   6. Sewer construction procedures (desk study, excavation, laying, testing, backfilling)
4. Sewer Appurtenances (3 hours)
   1. Necessity and introduction
   2. Manhole, drop manhole, lamp hole, street inlets, catch basin
   3. Flushing devices, traps, inverted siphon, sewer outlet, ventilating shaft, regulators
5. Wastewater Microbiology (4 hours)
   1. Microbes of interest: bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, rotifers, crustaceans
   2. Microbial types based on carbon source, energy, and environmental factors
   3. Requirements for growth: nutrients, electron donors/acceptors, environmental conditions
   4. Bacterial growth, biomass yield, and population dynamics
   5. Aerobic, anoxic, facultative, and anaerobic decomposition
   6. Fates of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
6. Characteristics and Examination of Wastewater (5 hours)
   1. Physical characteristics: color, odor, temperature, turbidity
   2. Chemical characteristics: pH, solids, carbonaceous/nitrogenous content, phosphorus
   3. Biological characteristics: total and fecal coliform bacteria
   4. Sampling methods: grab, composite, integrated samples
   5. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): definition, equation, temperature relations
   6. Chemical oxygen demand (COD): definition and types
   7. Examination parameters: suspended/dissolved/volatile/total solids, BOD, COD, nitrogen, phosphorus
7. Wastewater Disposal (5 hours)
   1. Necessity and objectives
   2. National effluent discharge standards
   3. Disposal by dilution: self-purification, oxygen sag curve, Streeter-Phelps equation
   4. Land treatment methods: irrigation, overland flow, rapid infiltration, sewage farming
   5. Application methods and sewage sickness prevention
8. Wastewater Treatment (12 hours)
   1. Treatment processes and impurities removal
   2. Physical processes: racks, screens, grit chamber, skimming tank, equalization, sedimentation
   3. Chemical treatment: precipitation, mixing, flocculation
   4. Biological treatment: sewage filtration, contact beds, trickling filters
   5. Activated sludge process: principle, aeration methods, design parameters, operational issues
   6. Oxidation ponds, sequential batch reactor, membrane bioreactor, moving bed bioreactor
   7. Tertiary treatment: disinfection, pathogen removal, nutrient removal, constructed wetlands
9. Sludge Treatment and Disposal (3 hours)
   1. Sludge sources and characteristics
   2. Volume estimation and moisture relations
   3. Treatment methods: grinding, thickening, aerobic/anaerobic digestion, drying
   4. Disposal methods: dumping, landfilling, composting, incineration
   5. Faecal sludge management practices
10. Onsite Sanitation of Waste from Isolated Facilities (3 hours)
    1. Definition and necessity of onsite sanitation
    2. Solid waste management and 3R principles
    3. Pit privy and ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)
    4. Pour flush latrine
    5. Septic tank: construction, design, working, maintenance
    6. Effluent disposal: drain field, soak pit, evapotranspiration mound, leaching cesspool

Practicals

1. Determination of suspended, dissolved, volatile, and total solids
2. Determination of biochemical oxygen demand
3. Determination of chemical oxygen demand
4. Determination of sludge volume index, MLSS, and MLVSS
5. Determination of ammonia/nitrate and phosphate
6. Video presentation or observation of wastewater treatment plant