Water Supply Engineering

Syllabus

1. Introduction (2 hours)
   1. Importance of water, including WASH aspects
   2. Historical development of water supply systems
   3. Pure, impure, potable, wholesome, polluted, and contaminated water
   4. Objectives and importance of water supply systems
   5. Types of water supply systems (Gravity, pumped, combined)
   6. Schematic diagrams of typical systems
2. Sources of Water (4 hours)
   1. Distribution of earth's water; hydrological cycle
   2. Climate change and water availability
   3. Surface water sources and yield calculation
   4. Groundwater sources (confined/unconfined aquifers, springs, wells)
   5. Alternative sources (rainwater harvesting, reclaimed water)
   6. Source selection criteria
   7. Water conservation
3. Quantity of Water (5 hours)
   1. Per capita demand and design periods
   2. Population forecasting methods
   3. Types of water demand (domestic, livestock, commercial, industrial, firefighting)
   4. Variation in demand and peak factors
   5. Factors affecting water demand
4. Quality of Water (5 hours)
   1. Types of impurities and water-related diseases
   2. Physical qualities (solids, turbidity, color, taste, odor, temperature)
   3. Chemical qualities (pH, hardness, alkalinity, metals, pollutants)
   4. Biological qualities and microorganism classification
   5. Water quality standards and examination methods
5. Intakes (3 hours)
   1. Types and components of intakes
   2. Site selection factors
   3. Characteristics of different intake types
   4. Design considerations
6. Water Treatment (14 hours)
   1. Treatment objectives and processes
   2. Physical treatment (screenings, sedimentation, filtration, aeration)
   3. Chemical treatment (coagulation, flocculation, disinfection, softening)
   4. Advanced processes (heavy metal removal, membrane filters, ozonation, adsorption)
7. Reservoirs and Distribution System (6 hours)
   1. Continuous and intermittent supply systems
   2. Clear water and service reservoirs
   3. Distribution system types (tree, grid, ring, radial)
   4. Smart water distribution concepts
   5. Design of distribution networks
   6. Building water supply systems
   7. Computer-aided design software introduction
8. Conveyance of Water (2 hours)
   1. Open channel and pressure flow modes
   2. Pipe materials and requirements
   3. Pipe corrosion and protection
   4. Pipe joints and laying considerations
9. Pipe Appurtenances, Operation and Maintenance (4 hours)
   1. Valves, fittings, and flushing arrangements
   2. Break pressure tanks and public standposts
   3. Pumps and pump curves
   4. Operation and maintenance of water supply systems
   5. Roles of different organizations

Practicals

1. Determination of temperature, color, turbidity, and pH
2. Determination of suspended, dissolved, and total solids
3. Determination of dissolved oxygen (modified Winkler method)
4. Optimum coagulant dose determination (jar test)
5. Residual chlorine determination
6. Microbial analysis for fecal contamination